Following the Interpolation

I Corinthians 7:2-10

Then: Paul backs off from the severity of his statements (one more reason it is not an interpolation) and slips into discussing the portrait of a successful Christian (Wright, p. 75-79), himself. He works hard, suffers disappointments, worries about the Corinthian church, comforted by God and rejoices in the Corinthians' progress towards salvation.

Now: Usually overlook the difficulties of living a Christian life and only notice the successes and joys. If problems are mentioned or talked about, it's always in the past about those which have been overcome. Sometimes close friends are asked to pray, but usually the problems are private. Paul is open for a purpose. He wants these Corinthians to move towards victory. We don't know how much or how often we should allow others to see our own struggles.

1 Corinthians 6:14-7:1

Discussion of Content:

Then: Keener(p. 192) marks the supposed interpolation as a digression, stating that Paul often used frameworks of other text, then presented an argument for an illustrative aspect of his main topic. At this point, Paul is moving towards the end of an emotional appeal. He fights for the sake of purity. He wants the Corinthians to sever all relationships with unbelievers, iniquity, darkness, Satan, temple idols so that God can abide in their hearts. He cites the promise of Exodus 29:45 that he will dwell with the children of Israel and he will be their father. Because of the promises, Paul calls upon the Corinthians to choose clean hearts and open minds.

Now: The passage was accepted by the biblical conferees and has teaching points similar to those made in many of Paul's other writings. Non-believers are not part of the kingdom of God. Unless treated accordingly, they have no chance of questioning their own position and commiting themselves to Christ. Kenner also points out that Paul's use of unusual words - the unequal yoke - balances the form of opposites (believers, unbelievers; temple of idols, temple of God).

Corinthians by Craig S. Keener (New York: Cambridge University Press, c2005) http://books.google.com/books?id=vzPk-xwUTNEC&dq=2+Corinthians+Commentary&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=5wEQS93PDYfUlAfr9KixAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=13&ved=0CDYQ6AEwDA#v=onepage&q=2%20Corinthians%20Commentary&f=false

Context of the Interpolation

II Corinthians 6
Starting with an apology (not an "I'm sorry," but an explanation of the work, beliefs, actions and behaviors of someone), Paul defends himself. Baker (p. 323-324) apportions 4 stanzas. First, 6:4b-5) shows ministers suffering afflictions, distresses, stripes, imprisonments, tumults labors, watchings and fastings. Second, 6:6-7a lists virtues of pureness, knowledge, longsuffering kindness, love, truth. Next, 6:7b-8a tells of experiences - God's armor and glory against dishonor, evil reports, deceivers. Finally 6:8b-10 reminds readers of misrepresentation. Humiliated, he is alive; sorrowful, he rejoices; poor, he brings spiritual riches; and owning nothing, he still possesses all things.

Just before the interpolation Paul speaks kindly, almost mournfully to the Corinthians. He searches for a bond, a contact between himself and them so that they will stay with their long sought recognition of the Truth. He tells them his heart is open to them and calls them little children who need to even larger hearts to be filled with the Holy Spirit.

So how is this a defense? Paul hopes that by being vulnerable, he will evoke feelings of compassion and ability to see his life from another point of view - not that of his attackers. Using God's weapons, Paul endures (N. T. Wright, p. 70) for the sake of the Corinthians and for the sake of those who are still as they were, ignorant of Christ's love. Showing that he did not quit in face of adversity, Paul leads the way to right attitudes towards the adversaries and gratefulness for God's armor.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

2 Corinthians 6:14 to 7:1, An Interpolation

Interpolation - The material is seen by commentators as different. So some think it is not original but stuck in. Why?

For: - Interrupts presentation of Paul's inner feelings which resumes in 7:2
- Modified from another letter has own theme
- Eight terms only ever used here in Paul's letters
- harsh tone of the text

Against: - Material is just a digression
- Paul himself is modifying quotes from others to make his points
- Quotation from Old Testament is normal for Paul
- Tone needed to break through the mindsets of those wanting to join non-believers
- Section matches overall theme of the Corinthians' reconciliation with both Christ and Paul
- Following verses ease the tone of the previous criticism.

II Corinthians form

Notes on form of II Corinthians
Of three rhetoric categories - judicial, deliberative, and epideictic - the letter is judicial because, alongside his teachings about Christ, Paul defends his own classification and work as an apostle (Baker, p. 276-281).

Out of the teachings for producing a speech (lecture), Paul uses three: invention, disposition, and elocution. Invention (or core topics) are defense of his apostleship, the good news of Christ and Paul's understanding of him. Disposition, or arrangement of ideas, begins and ends with normal greetings and then enfolds the four themes of Paul's authenticity, the resurrection, ideas about the church, and essentials of Christ. Elements of elocution are seen throughout - metaphors, warnings, and transitions.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

Paul's letters and Travel

Letter sort out:
*1 Corinthians 5:9 Paul refers to another letter - now called the "lost" or "previous" letter
**Paul wrote 1 Corinthians - dated as spring of AD 54 or 55
***2 Corinthians 2:4 & 7:8 - now called the "severe" letter; also lost probably summer AD 55
****2 Corinthians 1-9 unit may be a 4th letter by itself AD 55
****2 Corinthians 10-13 unit may be a 5th letter by itself AD 56

To start with Paul was in Corinth. He went to Ephesus, heard bad news about the church and sent the "previous" letter. When he heard of more troubles he sent 1 Corinthians. Two itineraries fell through, but he visited Corinth before heading to Macedonia. He returned to Ephesus and wrote the "severe" letter, and went on to Macedonia. There, he wrote both parts of 2 Corinthians before finally going to Corinth where he wrote Romans. The situation with Corinthian unrest caused Paul's changes in travel plans and his finally feeling free to go back. It is because of the contention and changes that scholars can date the letters, learn more about Paul, the person, and see the continuing need for every congregation in every age to concentrate on peace and unity.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006, pp. 169-271.

1 Corinthians 16:24

My love be with you all in Christ Jesus. Amen (KJV)

Then: Just to be sure, Paul tells the Corinthians again of his personal love for them which is based on and interwined with theirs and his belief in Christ.

Now: We need reminders and assurances as to our place in Christ and in the hearts of fellow believers. We also need to take time to give out assurances.

1 Corinthians 16:23

The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you (KJV)

Then: Paul's benediction was a normal ending for letter writers. Perhaps it is an abbreviated blessing because Paul is writing it himself, but the words show Paul's desire that the Corinthians know God's grace in spite of any shortcomings. Unwritten is another reminder that that is part of the character of Christ's love and presence.

Now: We take heart in knowing Jesus' grace and love abounds in the lives of all believers, year after year, and when we think about it, know that our children and children's children will have that grace until the Lord comes. We too keep the word "Maranatha" in mind.

1 Corinthians 16:22

If any man love not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maranatha (KJV)

Then: A strange phrase, which Baker calls a malediction - opposed to benediction. Anathema equals cursed. Baker (p. 248) offers speculation that it was part of the early liturgy. Anyone not loving Christ should expect to be cursed. Maranatha is pretty well known as a word which means "Come Lord Jesus." As presented and explained by Baker, the term is eschatological in nature. It helps hearers think about the time of Christ's return for the faithful and judgment on everyone else.

Now: Communion and liturgy focus on life here and now. We don't spend a lot of time thinking about or looking forward to the Lord's return, just enduring through the present. Neither do we think of non-believers as being cursed. It's more a matter from the other side, the task of salvation and our efforts to serve the Lord by going into all the world. Judgement per se and a condition of being cursed is mentally ignored.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:21

The salutation of me Paul with mine own hand (KJV)

Then: Paul took over from Sosthenes, the amanuensis (letter writer), in order to let the Corinthians know how much he cared.

Now: Most of the time people use email or type-face letters, but at the bottom of a card or letter, people add an extr a hand written note. This makes it personal and is the part that is always read.

1 Corinthians 16:20

All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with an holy kiss (KJV)

Then: A normal way of greeting each other was by use of a kiss. In Paul's calling it "holy," he's lifts the importance of interpersonal greetings to that of the friendship between Christ and the church. Baker (p. 248) explains that a holy kiss was not part of church liturgy until the days of Justin (100 - 165 AD).

Now: We greet with handshakes and maybe a cheek-to-cheek hug. Actions change; sentiments don't.

1 Corinthians 16:19

The churches of Asia salute you. Aquila and Priscilla salute you much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house (KJV)

Then: Corinthians know that Paul is near the end of his remarks. These are extra greetings from people the Corinthians would know and not know. He specifically mentions Priscilla and Aquila because of their name recognition. By adding in the fact that these two have church meetings in their home, Paul brings in a bond of familiarty with the Corinthians who do the same thing.

Now: In closing personal letters, many writers will add notes of friendship and greetings from another ".... sends his love" or ".... asked to be remembered." The purpose is to keep the bonds of love and friendship strong and active. Now, of course, it's not a usual church-to-church kind of event. Communcations and church work have changed so much that greetings are personal between minister and minister, leader and leader. The rest of the church is slightly aware of membership in fellow churches, but rarely on a personal basis.

1 Corinthians 16:18

For they have refreshed my spirit and yours: therefore acknowledge ye them that are such (KJV)

Then: The place of Stephanos and company in the Corinthian church is debatable. N. T. Wright (p. 237) believes they were not necessarily aligned with the pro Paulites. For this reason Paul could rejoice in some, even those he'd baptized, looking past the party spirit to the greater purpose of keeping believers united in love, fully able to stand firmly on the Rock of Salvation. The joy in the verse illustrates Paul's delight in that hope for the Corinthian church. He wants the entire church to rejoice in and emulate those servants.

Now: When believers know a churches defects and work to improve it, they always face the same difficulty that Paul did - trying to make members aware of the strengths, not feel that the congregation is a lost cause, and be encouraged enough to work out the problems.

1 Corinthians 16:17

I am glad of the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus: for that which was lacking on your part they have supplied (KJV)

Then: Corinthians probably did not read this as a criticism. Other translators soften the meaning to Paul's being grateful for the help these three have given him while others in Corinth were just unable to come. Travel was not an easy task in those days. Taking the effort to bring Paul a status report was an exceptional event (Baker, p. 247). The biblical record shows no other church doing the same thing.

Now: Sister congregations use newsletters, denominational journals, annual conferences, Bible college contacts, member visits to other churches to find out what's happening. They learn ideas as to what works and what doesn't.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:16

That ye submit yourselves unto such, and to every one that helpeth with us, and laboureth (KJV)

Then: The Corinthians aren't the only congregation Paul started. He has worked with many whom the Lord calls. Some of the Corinthians, with their problem of thinking one preacher better than another, may have not been as open as possible to Paul's missive bearers. They needed an extra bit of urging. So Paul praises Stephanas, Fortunatus and Achaicus giving them status. Paul hopes the letter bearers will be well received.

Now: When we get a house or home ready to receive visitors, we are so busy that we spend a lot of time thinking about our side of the work and not too much about the feelings of the ones who are coming. If we consider Paul's request we can also think about the problems the visitors are facing. That question, "Did you have a nice trip" takes on addded meaning. It's a part of keeping the Lord's commandment to be loving.

1 Corinthians 16:15

I beseech you, brethren, (ye know the house of Stephanas, that it is the firstfruits of Achaia, and that they have addicted themselves to the ministry of the saints,) (KJV)

Then: Paul likes to end his letters according to the custom. He gives greetings to specific people and also includes greetings from some of the people with him in Ephesus. Stephanas, along with Fortunatus, and Achaicus who are mentioned in the next verses are the ones who carry the letter to the Corinthians (Baker, p. 245). They also got to read it aloud and answer questions. By "first fruits," Paul means Stephanas became an early believer during Paul's ministry in Achaia, land area in and around Corinth. Baker (p. 246) reminds readers thatPaul baptized this household (1 Corinthians 1:16).

Now: We don't spend much time looking at Greece and the location of Corinth. A map shows how easy (by 1st century standards) it was to get to Corinth. Paul could expect speedy delivery. Those who brought the letter needed an extra kind of hospitality. Paul is indirectly asking the Corinthians to draw the letter carriers into mutual fellowship, forget their party allegiances and submit to them as they do to other believers because they are fellow servants. Today's churches host college teams, visiting ministers, traveling missionaries and other servants of the Lord. By helping with lodging and meals congregations have a chance to speak and learn from the visitors at the same time they serve Christ. Normally, there aren't any underlying tensions, but occasional, through the imperfections of humanity, similar situations exist.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:14

Let all your things be done with charity (KJV)

Then: The King James word for love is charity. That better matches and clarifies a Corinthian understanding of the word. It omits all the other meanings lumped into the English meaning of "love" (Magness class notes). In context, Paul is not letting his just stated admonitions be actions without value. Harking back to his earlier presentation of the way to live the Christian life, he gently reminds them again - Anything done without love has no value.

Now: Baker (p. 246) brings attention to other passages such as Phol 4:809 or 1 Thess 5:12-22 where Paul reviews what he's earlier spent extended time explaining. Since he already discussed it, he doesn't add anything more. It's also somewhat like a parent sending a child out the door, "Be good," expecting the offspring to remember former training.

1 Corinthians 16:13

Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong (KJV)

Then: These short, quick, stacatto-like warnings could be easily learned and memorized by the Corinthians. And when a situtation arose, the words could come flying into their minds. The best advice is often abbreviated. In all these ways, Corinthians could show their love for Christ and for their fellow men.

Now: Believers still need these thoughts to withstand temptations. Paul's advice can be looked at as advice and from the point of view of his concern for fellow believers. Church leaders today also need to keep looking for the sayings and slogans which will help their friends and neighbors.

Moving to the End

Love covers a multitude of sins: Verses 13 to 24 conclude the chapter and the letter with yet another admonition, greetings, and a benediction (blessings). It's the close out to a letter filled with so many things that it must have been read again and again by the Corinthians. So too, by people today. Believers want to know what that church was like and how Paul wanted it to function. Corinthian society, so close to much of the US materialistic world, deserves a lot of special attention. Many of their problems are our problems - yet as Wright p. 235) observes, it needs the love which "stitches" all the problems, all the churches, and all the people together.

1 Corinthians 16:12

As touching our brother Apollos, I greatly desired him to come unto you with the brethren: but his will was not at all to come at this time; but he will come when he shall have convenient time (KJV)

Then: Paul already knows the esteem of many Corinthians for Apollos. He doesn't need to spend a lot of time talking about him, but it is important that the Corinthians know about those plans too. Apollos plans to come at a convenient time.

Now: The sentence ends Paul's discussion about practical matters of travel. The interesting thing for today's believers is our chance to relate Paul's decisions about ministry and his knowledge of Christ, and his teachings about them to the real world. We can evaluate what worked, what didn't, and consider why. We evaluate how to match his goals with our efforts in teaching Christ. At the same time, learning about Paul reflects how God sent us his Son. He too is anchored in a specifc time and what he teaches makes sense for us today just as much as it did for those in first century. Christ is nont a metaphysical, shadowy, New Age kind of concept. He is real - showing us the way to love God and love others.

1 Corinthians 16:11

Let no man therefore despise him: but conduct him forth in peace, that he may come unto me: for I look for him with the brethren (KJV)

Then: Possibly, Timothy's leadership skills were less obvious than those of others (Wright, p.234). People used to seeing the movers and shakers pass through their town might overlook Timothy's value. Wright conjectures this is another one of Paul's teaching strategies.

Now: Sometimes church members fail to notice the value of fellow believers. As workers in the kingdom they are valuable. It takes constant reminders to change peoples' views so that they are able to see others as Christ, not the world, does.

1 Corinthians 16:10

Now if Timotheus come, see that he may be with you without fear: for he worketh the work of the Lord, as I also do (KJV)

Then: The Corinthians already knew who Apollos and Timothy were. Both had spent time in Corinth, yet Paul is still concerned Timothy be welcomed with open arms so he can do the Lord's work with enthusiasm and joy, not fear. "If" implies doubt as to travel plans. Nothing is settled, but Paul is preparing the Corinthians for a visitor.

Now: Paul's comments exhibit a person who cares about his team members - for their work and for their personal well-being. Teams without this aspect can expect failure because Jesus' second greatest command is "Love one another."

1 Corinthians 16:9

For a great door and effectual is opened unto me, and there are many adversaries (KJV)

Then: This remark explains Paul's reasoning. He wants to travel soon because mission opportunities abound, and always concerned about enemies to the gospel news, he probably sees signs that it might be time for him to move on. Some commentators like Wright, mark this as an end to one topic in Paul's letter; others, like Baker, include thoughts about Paul's fellow workers, so continue on through verse twelve.

Now: We need to be awake to area needs for teaching the gospel. We also need to pray for the doors, pray for the doors to open and pray for ability to make effectual use of the open doors. Adversaries can be human or caused by events. Sometimes laws bar particular ministries and sometimes funding is lacking. Whatever the impediment, the Holy Spirit directs and guides while reminding believers of Paul's words, "All things work together for good even to them that are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28).

1 Corinthians 16:8

But I will tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost (KJV)

Then: The Corinthians are still hearing about Paul's original travel plan. Pentecost signified the beginning of the church in Jerusalem. Celebrated 50 days after Passover, people remembered the first coming of the Holy Spirit into the lives of 3000 individual church members (Baker, p. 242-3).

Now: We still remember Pentecost as part of the church calendar. Some churches give more emphasis to the memory than others. For some the focus is historical; for others the focus is on the specific need to be sensitive to the Lord's direction in an individual's life.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:7

For I will not see you now by the way; but I trust to tarry a while with you, if the Lord permit (KJV)

Then: Finally Paul brings in the Lord. All planning needs submitted to him. His servants must be ever ready to change and use new opportunities or deal with barriers. This is a quick reminder.

Now: Using 2 Corinthians 2:1-4 Baker (p. 244) discusses how radically Paul's plans changed. After making a direct, but not-so-great quick trip to Corinth, he returned to Ephesus, wrote them a severe (missing) letter, and settled on his original plan of going up through Macedonia.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:6

And it may be that I will abide, yea, and winter with you, that ye may bring me on my journey whithersoever I go (KJV)

Then: Paul hopes to be there and stay awhile, perhaps through the winter before leaving again. Possibly he's not sure which churches will next need his presence because he indicates his plans after that are not yet formed. Baker (p. 243) brings up Romans 15:24 where Paul voices desire to head to Spain.

Now: Churches spend a lot of time looking ahead, finding ways to grow their individual ministries by working with local and foreign missions. Planning is always an integral part of church growth.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:5

Now I will come unto you, when I shall pass through Macedonia: for I do pass through Macedonia (KJV)

Then: In this and the next four verses, Paul talks about his travel plans. He must have raised the hopes of many who read and heard the letter. Specifically he's heading to Macedonia and Corinth is logically part of that trip.

Now: Paul's travel plans are of historical interest in understanding Paul's life and ministry. Paul expected to leave Ephesus (Wright, p. 230 says midsummer), head north and go through the top part of Greece, then circle back down to come through Corinth.

1 Corinthians 16:4

And if it be meet that I go also, they shall go with me (KJV)

Then: If things work out, Paul might travel with the carriers of the collection. Baker (p. 242) points out that it did happen (Acts 20), but it also started the process whereby Paul was eventually arrested for trial in Rome. Wright's discussion (p. 230) focuses on Paul's strategy for church unity. By getting to know each other, care for each other, and interact personally, the church would be strengthened.

Now: Due to geographic impossibilities and to problems with agreement as to practices and doctrines, unity is a philosophy more than an actuality. Usually, however, when pushed to a common truth, believers accept others as part of the body of Christ. "Even if....."

1 Corinthians 16:3

And when I come, whomsoever ye shall approve by your letters, them will I send to bring your liberality unto Jerusalem (KJV)

Then: Paul announces both his intent to come wants to be able to talk with a pre-appointed travel team. There were no banks then. The designated carriers will have the money in high value coins, find a way to strap them to their person and travel all the while hoping not to be robbed, hurt, etc. Baker (241) also adds that the Corinthians would then have a personal contact in Jerusalem at the same time the recipients could be aware of Gentile, non-Jewish, believers.

Now: People like to give money when they know the extent of the need and have personal knowledge of the recipients. They also like to share in the joy of bringing new believers into the church universal. Missionaries receive better, long-term support when they schedule intermittent reports and visits with church groups. This is easier done for local missions, but is still necessary for foreign missions.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 16:2

Upon the first day of the week let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him, that there be no gatherings when I come (KJV)

Then: What Paul wants is to have everything collected before he arrives. Before, he's never wanted money to be part of his ministry because that would skew the message of Christ's forgiveness. If everyone knows ahead the collection is for other church's and the process completed, Corinthians are less likely to think about Paul as one who asked for money. Wright (p. 231) also notes that Paul was also removing any bases of possible accusations of fraud.

Now: Believers have used Paul's plan in the churches for many years. The sacrament of giving is a traditional part of serving God. A recommended tithe of ten percent is based on Old Testament teachings, but the amount is always a personal commitment between the individual and the Lord.

1 Corinthians 16:1

Now concerning the collection for the saints, as I have given order to the churches of Galatia, even so do ye (KJV)

Then: Clear statement, new topic. Corinthians hearing it knew that instructions were coming to clear up an old problem about sending money to the Jerusalem churches. Baker (p. 239) speculates that the money would be used for the poor there and to defray costs of the annual pilgrims staying with Christian hosts (in the past might have used Jewish homes, but those no longer available).

Now: A part of the process of "Love one another" involves paying attention to the needs of others and helping, as possible. Although impulsive responses to sudden needs happen, planning for regular giving and participation in serving God with worldly goods makes better sense. It ensures the wise use of funds and relieves some of the anxiety of those in need.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

Overview 1 Corinthians chapter 16

Chapter 16 addresses three topics: A collection, Paul's travel plans, and final greetings to the church. He talks also about the travel for Timothy, gives some news about Apollos and can't end without mentioning ways they should stand firm in their faith, especially in regards to how they treat fellow church members.

In retrospect, Paul would have had less trouble, if he'd withheld some of his certainty about coming to Corinth. He has to spend a good deal of 2 Corinthians soothing hurt feelings and defending himself for delaying a subsequent trip to meet with them. That he cares for the Corinthians is never in doubt, but he should have focused a lot more on the "when God wills" aspect of everyone's future plans.

Summary 1 Corinthians 15:50-58

Resurrection Summary: The last little bit of this long chapter concludes what Paul wants the Corinthians to know. No one enters the kingdom of God with a corruptible, physical body because God changes those who will inherit the kingdom. And at the last, when the final trumpet blows, those who are still physically alive, will be changed to a spiritual body in the blink of an eye. Along with believers who died first, they join Christ in heaven. Paul's statement here is factual. "Death is swallowed in victory." Finally, then, Paul tells the Corinthians and us the ultimate truth. All that we do here is based on that now established victory. None of our labor is in vain. We follow Christ doing his will while "being steadfast, unmovable and always abounding in the work for him."

Summary point 1 Corinthians 15: 49

How can the dead be raised at all? Paul's whole point from verses 35 to 49 is to move men from a limited earth-bound view to seeing resurrection from a universal point of view. All bodies created by God - sun, moon, animal, fish, human whatever - have an individual glory in their appointed spheres. Each one is part of a decaying, temporal realm. In the spiritual realm of heaven, God, who is perfectly capable, will choose which physical bodies to sow, transform, and give another kind of glory. Why should man expect otherwise? It makes perfect sense to have soul-animated life on earth and spirit-animated life in heaven. That's why one Adam could lead all men to death, and the second Adam, Christ, could lead all men to eternal life.

I wish I could remember which broadcast minister I heard yesterday. He spoke about the modern expectation of everyone having an expectation of spiritual life. That's not what the Bible - and Paul here - teaches. Only those who are born again receive eternal life. The event is not automatic. While on earth, all have the opportunity to choose or turn from Christ, i.e., to choose or turn from eternal life. In heaven, the Lord will do the sowing. Thankfully, believers in Christ have the promise "Whosever believeth in him shall not perish, but have eternal life" (John 3:16). Paul's presentation answers many questions about what will happen, but it doesn't explain everything. We shouldn't expect that. The Lord retains sovereignity in power, knowledge and authority.

Summary at 1 Corinthians 15:34

Half way through Resurrection thoughts: Verse 34 marks the end of one section on Resurrection. Part I, verses 1-11 verified Christ's resurrection through witnesses. Part II, verses 12-34, talked about why the resurrection was necessary (implications for forgiveness, our place in heaven, and our present lifestyle on earth).
Witherington (p. 306) finds transistions and conclusions in verses like 34. He says these are the places that Paul emphasizes moral consequences. The "shame-on-you" aspect certainly applies.

Extra source: Conflict and community in Corinth: a socio-rhetorical commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians by Ben Witherington (Grand Rapids MI: Wm B. Eerdmans, c1995 online at http://books.google.com/books?id=HXWNsxX2irkC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Witherington+1st+Corinthians&source=bl&ots=nm3jFPByR2&sig=qyPMM3WWXZvkeWc9PO_GmV-LewI&hl=en&ei=cLUJS7zqLMHTlAfV2-yEBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:34

Awake to righteousness, and sin not; for some have not the knowledge of God: I speak this to your shame (KJV)

Then: "Awake" translates a Greek word directed to drunks (Baker, p. 229). Paul uses strong language for these party-loving Corinthians, people who walk so close to sin they don't recognize elements of paganism or atheism. Wright (p. 219) points to the need for people to question how an idea matches known characteristics of the Lord. When they let their minds be corrupted, their actions reflect their shameful lack of knowledge of God.

Now: In a quick return to Paul's teachings on resurrection, Baker reminds readers that the author of the resurrection of Christ, and of us, can do all things. He is especially able to change and fit a physical body for life in eternity. If our knowledge of God places limits on his abilities and powers, then surely those foreign ideas are to our shame just as much as they were shameful to the Corinthians.

Extra source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:33

Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners (KJV)

Then: Everybody recognized Paul's allusion as a quote, "Bad company destroys good ways" (Witherington, p. 306). It was part of a now lost play called Thais by Menander. Witherington agrees with a suggestion by Fee. Paul is chiding that those people eating in the "temple restaurants" were also imbibing non-Christian theology. The resurrection was a real event essential to God's plan of salvation. With the resurrection of Christ, the forerunner (first fruits) of all following resurrections of believers, Christians live out God's plan. Skepticism does not bring honor, just corruption (Baker, p. 229).

Now: That's not quite what parents say today, but they agree completely with the sentiment. Hanging around with a gang of disreputable characters is a poor way for a teen to grow up to become a God-fearing citizen of heaven. It happens. We don't often think of the church or church people as hanging out with unworhty ideals or philosophies, but Paul's letter warns us, it happens.

Extra source: Conflict and community in Corinth: a socio-rhetorical commentary on 1 and 2 Corinthians by Ben Witherington (Grand Rapids MI: Wm B. Eerdmans, c1995 online at http://books.google.com/books?id=HXWNsxX2irkC&pg=PA60&lpg=PA60&dq=Witherington+1st+Corinthians&source=bl&ots=nm3jFPByR2&sig=qyPMM3WWXZvkeWc9PO_GmV-LewI&hl=en&ei=cLUJS7zqLMHTlAfV2-yEBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:32

If after the manner of men I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to morrow we die (KJV)

Then: Look at that! the biblical version of "Eat, drink, and be merry." And the Corinthians heard it first. Corinthians also had an advantage of an overland rumor express. They probably knew whether Paul's reference to fighting with beasts was an actual event or a metaphor. Some commentators call the reference an agon, a figurative hellenistic device in which an image substitutes for and describes a speaker's moralistic intent (Collins & Harrington, p.557).

Now: Others read the sentence as another instance of Paul's continued defense against those who believe his leadership is lacking. Since the New Living Testament translation uses a phrase "those people of Ephesus" after the words "wild beasts," Baker (p. 228) pictures Paul's suffering as being physical, emotional and spiritual. At any rate, it is part of the build up to another interim reason to know that resurrection is as actual and real as the creation.

Extra Source: First Corinthians by Raymond F. Collins and Daniel J. Harrington (Collegeville MN: Liturgical Press, c1999) http://books.google.com/books?id=c4VXq9fKoRwC&dq=Sacra+Pagina+and+1st+Corinthians&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=NqEJS7XzEITklAeejdiEBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CDUQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:31

I protest by your rejoicing which I have in Christ Jesus our Lord, I die daily. (KJV)

Then: Corinthians probably understood "I protest" to mean "I swear" (Baker, p. 224). Paul wanted them to know of his pride in them. He feels able to boast about their faith and Christ's work in thier lives. What Paul intended the Corinthians to understand through his phrase, "I die daily," is subject to a lot of explanations. John Calvin presents it as a "contempt of death" because of the ever present formidable dangers to his life.

Now: To "die daily for Christ" is an oft preached phrase taken from Paul's ministry. The Wiersbe Bible Commentator states that here it does not mean the same as the theme of Romans 6 "dying to self." Instead it refers to physical dangers(p.494). Baker (p.228) feels that Paul means the slow wearing out of his physical body.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians by John Calvin translated from the Original Latin, and Collated with the Author's French Version by the Rev. John Pringle, Volume one from the Calvin Translation Society edition and downloaded from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library on line at http://www.biblestudyguide.org/comment/calvin/comm_vol40/htm/i.iv.htm
Wiersbe Bible Commentary The Complete New Testament by Warren W. Wiersbe (Colorado Springs CO: David C. Cook, c2007) http://books.google.com/books?id=Sn18qwyJw9QC&pg=PA453&lpg=PA453&dq=1+Corinthians+15+commentary&source=bl&ots=uEH6xD4cBX&sig=O-Yucl21olPnNQo8wDjVu1LTrs4&hl=en&ei=pzcJS_igCZHTlAe9t4mFBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBEQ6AEwAzhk#v=onepage&q=1%20Corinthians%2015%20commentary&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:30

And why stand we in jeopardy every hour? KJV

Then: Paul seems to be speaking of himself and everyone reading the letter. They all daily risk their lives - even every hour. What's the point if there is no resurrection? As Matthew Henry observes, it made no sense for the apostles to spend their days risking their lives to preach and teach a gospel without prospect of life after death.

Now: Believers in the Western world risk little to profess Christianity. For many it's a formality, a childhood habit which requires little time or thought. For others it's a life centered on the church, work with fellow believers and providing services or sharing their blessings with those who are needy. Some live closer to the edge of economic reality and needy souls seeking unearned wealth. For most, physical safety, vocational livelihoods or personal reputations are not threatened. Yet we hear and are asked to pray for those who walk in Paul's footsteps. It takes a lot to get our attention.

Extra Source: Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:29

Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead?

Then: For Paul and the Corinthians both, the main point of the verse is the absurdity of the act of baptism if there is no resurrection. Without it, what happens to all those who were baptized? Nothing. The Corinthians understood the logic. They also understood what Paul meant by the phrase "baptized for the dead."

Now: Today's Christians understand only the context, but not the phrase or practice of "baptized for the dead." N. T. Wright profers two common understandings (1) a practice of some being baptized for those believers who died (martydom?) before they personally could be baptized or (2) when some Christians were baptized after the loss of a beloved Christian friend. They wanted the hope of reunion. Paul might also mean that anyone who does not believe in Christ is dead - spiritually dead. So he/she takes on the task of being baptized for his/her own dead body. The arguments and ideas are complex and many. A comprehensive review is in the October--November 1995 issue of Biblioteca Sacra. Anyone can read it and be confused too.

Extra Source: "Another Look at 1 Corinthians 15:29, 'Baptized for the Dead'" by John D. Reaume, Bibliotheca Sacra 152 (October-December 1995) 457-75.

1 Corinthians 15:28

And when all things shall be subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be subject unto him that put all things under him, that God may be all in all

Then: At the end, when Jesus Christ the Son has victoriously conquered all, he will himself be subject to God. Paul gives the Corinthians a picture of the entire church coming forward into God's presence. In his presentation, Paul does not bring up the aspect of mutual submission. He is interested in explaining that in the final order of the universe, the church as the body of Christ, will be brought forward to God the Father through the one who has authority over it. From then on God will be "all in all." N. T. Wright emphasizes that this passage follows the first understanding of "order" as chronological events and concentrates on showing "order" as divine purpose, tasks, and relationships.

Now: In this passage Paul, does not remind the Corinthians about the on-going eternal relationship of God, the Father, with Christ the Son (Baker, p. 224). Paul's purpose is to show the completion of Christ's messianic mission. Paul never actually talks about God as being three in one. But as theologians study his letters, they understand his intent and description to mean one God in three persons.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:27

For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him (KJV)

Then: This continued explanation of what's happening in the end times brings to mind both Psalm 110:1 and Psalm 8:6. The Corinthians had probably heard Paul discuss those verses before. The Holy Spirit reveals the meanings to all listeners. Paul is careful to point out that God, part of the triology is not a thing put under Christ. One part of the Godhead cannot be lower than another part.

Now: Commentators are sensitive to all Old Testament allusions because the Holy Spirit reveals the meanings. Some like Henry see a time when Christ works as a redeemer and is not in joint authority with God, the Father. Baker, (p. 223) disagrees. I can't think that it matters, but probably side with Baker. Each part of the triune God has specified work. They do it. The work does not affect standing or authority. God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit are still one.

(Cf. - compare my work as a mother, wife, or daughter. By design, I am still one performing different tasks)

Extra Source: Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html
Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:26

The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death (KJV)

Then: What more can be said? This is life victorious for all mankind because of the love of the Father who sent his son to first sustain and then deliver those who believe in him.

Now: Paul states the last step in putting the world back in order (Wright, p. 213). The verse is a confirmation of resurrection. From death to life. That's a promise that all believers can expect to be fulfilled. We cannot, but he can. We love him because he loved us enough to come, to teach, to die and rise again. In a balance of what do we value more, the action or the one who loves us, there is no doubt. Above all else we value the Lord and his love. Without his presence in heaven, there'd be no point in wanting to have life eternal.

1 Corinthians 15:25

For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet (KJV)

Then: Paul's explanation takes a step backward to the Corinthian present. Jesus will reign on earth in the hearts of men for a time. All enemies must be put under his feet. Elsewhere (II Peter 3:9), Peter reminds believers that Christ delays because he wants no one to perish. The Corinthians also had many friends they wished would repent and come to eternity. "Enemies under his feet" reminds Paul and probably some of the Corinthians of Jehovah's intent to make a footstool of all enemies (Psalm 110:1). Baker and other commentators look to the explicated meaning in Matthew 22:44 to understand more of Paul's intent.

Now: Jesus' parable of the five young women who had enough oil for their lamps and five who did not also reveals there will be a time of waiting. Matthew Henry calls this a mediatorial age in which the saints absolutely know resurrection is ahead. Paul's explanation of why we wait is helpful.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:24

Then cometh the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God, even the Father; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power (KJV)

Then: This is the first part of a description of Christ's victory. The Corinthians knew what they were hearing. They would be part of the kingdom delivered to God the Father. All opposing rules, authorities and powers will have been conquered, defeated, annihilated. If they didn't shout, "Hurray", they at least had a nice warm feeling of joy inside of them. Who wouldn't?

Now: We each have our own visual images of what that will look like as a actual event. Reading Revelation makes it even more pituresque. Standing with fellow believers, everyone since the beginning of God's plan, can't even be slightly compared to our vision of 2 million plus people on the mall in Washington, DC. Consider individual joy geometrically multiplied by the presence of everyone else. We are thankful for glimpses of heaven and keep wondering about the rest.

1 Corinthians 15:23

But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming (KJV)

Then: What a relief! Corinthians recognize the military language of "in his own order." The captain leads the charge; his troops follow. The enemy's line is broken and victory lies ahead for those who follow him (Baker, p. 222). The imagery of firstfruits again reminds the Corinthians about the designated order of God's plan. At the second coming - the second wave of attack on death - those who are under Christ's command will enter eternal life.

Now: We struggle with the problems of living between the first and second comings. Dr. David Jeremiah in a sermon broadcast Nov. 19, 2009, explained the process. After the fall people lived under the power of Satan. After accepting Christ, they have within them the means to resist Satan, but his power is still rampant. After the second coming, believers in Christ will live in and with the presence of God. Satan's power will be completely eradicated. Sin will be no more. What a relief!

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
How Can I Be Truly Forgiven? Part 1 by David Jeremiah online at http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/Turning_Point/archives.asp?bcd=2009-11-19

1 Corinthians 15:22

For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive (KJV)

Then: People use metaphors to explain ideas. God uses events as metaphors for spiritual truth. So when Paul used these words to vocalize God's plan for salvation, the Corinthians could intuitively grasp its meaning and importance. The concept of salvation was not new to the Corinthians because they'd already been through the struggle of fighting sin and accepting Christ. They had to have been eager to receive this clear explanation. God works through history using events as a way to teach his purpose. For mankind, focused on our place in the center, everything needs to make sense from this point of view. At first all was perfection, then came the fall, but in the end, perfection will reign again. For a long time mankind lived with the hope of a Messiah. With the coming of Christ into the world that hope is explained and reinforced. The resurrection validated God's plan.

Now: "In Adam's fall, we sinned all" was a rhyme in the New England Primer which was used to teach the alphabet and religious principles concurrently. Illiteracy (not being able to read) was the devil's way of keeping people from knowing what the Bible said. Each generation has its own problems with biblical understandings. Believing that there is good in everybody, some cannot grasp the concept that all men are fundamentally flawed. They kick against a different goad than Paul's, but it still classifies as kicking. It took Paul a long time to understand. So too the rest of us. Eventually those who know that Christ is, the Holy Spirit is to be trusted, and God's judgement is sure, do accept that as we all died with the first sin and were pushed out of the Garden, with Christ's punishment, death and resurrection, we can all reenter eternal life.

1 Corinthians 15:21

For since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the dead (KJV)

Then: The Corinthians were ready for the explanation. By man, the actions of Adam and Eve, came the first physicial death. By man, the actions of Christ in living a life without any kind of sin, came resurrection to spiritual life, and the death of death. The Corinthians still lived when the concept was new, they could talk to people who had seen the risen Lord. They could know themselves through the Holy Spirit. Christ led the way so all could be forgiven and resurrected.

Now: We keep on reading the original testimony. We keep on passing the information down generation to generation. We keep on being given the gifts of the Spirit. So like the Corinthians, we are forgiven and look forward to resurrection. We shall have a part in the favor of the first fruit (Henry).

Extra Source: Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:20

But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept (KJV)

Then: Finished listing the consequences of no resurrection, Paul wants the Corinthians remember Christ, the first fruit of those who were raised. Crops grow every season and the early fruit, the one that seems to take forever to ripen, is the most enjoyed when picked and eaten. Since the creation story, people waited for the Lord to send the promised one, and when he did, he was crucified and resurrected. That resurrection was the first of many more to come. The Corinthians can take heart that all they just heard prepared them to address others. Now they could evaluate their own perceptions, solidify their own thoughts and use their conclusions when they in turn help others to leave lives characterized by disbelief in Christ. The Corinthians are now reassured that God's plan lives on.

Now: We sense that this passage, verses 20-28, is a product of Paul's time spent reorienting everything he knew about theology before his visit from Christ. He had to understand it himself. That's why it is easier for us to understand - he used what he knew and gave it to all generations.

1 Corinthians 15:19

If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable (KJV)

Then: To think that their belief in Christ only applies to their days on earth means that they are persecuted by Jews and by Caesar without purpose (Henry). Why not abandon it and avoid the pain? This is the third problem or effect in lives of Corinthians who follow Christ.

Now: The promise of believing in Christ sometimes accompanies a perception, that the days of misery on earth, problems of all kinds are gone. This is to misunderstand the work of the Holy Spirit, the life of Christ, and call to follow him. What Jesus promises is to stand with us and make a way through the difficulties. He uses all things for good, purifies us from the evil within us and calls us to show love to others before the day of judgment comes.

Extra Source: Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:18

Then they also which are fallen asleep in Christ are perished (KJV)

Then: Since the days of resurrection and ascension, the Corinthians had many friends who had already died. Those alive and those who had passed cultivated hope in Christ. Wright reminds readers that without the resurrection, those who have died only have a belief in the route of Hades available to them. i.e., the place where the dead cross the river Styx and stay in an abode of shadowy figures. (The Jewish word was Sheol.) Even here, there was no way out, for Jesus says in Revelation 1:18 that he has the keys of death and Hades (Miller and Miller, p. 240).

Now: We believe Jesus descended into the realm of the dead from I Peter (Jesus went to preach to the spirits in prison). Hades is all that would be left if Christ is not raised from the dead - for those who have already died and for those who are yet to die.

Extra Source: Harper's Bible Dictionary by Madeleine S. Miller and J. Lane Miller (New York: Harper and Row, Pub., c1961.

1 Corinthians 15:17

And if Christ be not raised, your faith is vain; ye are yet in your sins (KJV)

Then: Here are two depressing consequences of Christ not being raised - no one is forgiven and faith is useless. The Corinthians and everyone else are still under the law and God still condemns them. These are intertwined results with neither being more important than the other. In looking at the value of belief from the opposite point of view, Thiselton's (p. 1220) discussion notes that a peson's faith has nothing to do with the actuality of the truth. It has no power at all. As Christ said, all power and authority resides in him (Matt.28:18). Whether the Corinthians believed or didn't believe, If Christ was not raised then that truth made everything else useless.

Now: Without the resurrection, we are also still condemned. No escape has been provided. There is no hope, nor joy. The agent of change was crucified in vain. Faith in Christ is grounded in nothing. Like the Corinthians, our faith or lack of it has no effect on that which is truth. It neither nullifies or verifies. Faith can only recognize, accept and align with truth.

Extra source: The First Epistle to the Corinthians: a commentary on the Greek text by Anthony C. Thiselton (Authentic Media, c2000) online at http://books.google.com/books?id=IHG_DNLpmroC&dq=1st+Corinthian+commentaries&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=W9fQSpC1GILplAfHiumoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CB8Q6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:16

For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised (KJV)

Then: In the previous verses, Paul worked with the main concerns of the apostles (teachers) if there were no resurrection. With this verse he turns to the main concerns of all believers if there be no resurrection (Baker, p. 219). Those consequences are the worst. If the dead don't rise, that is if the dead can't rise, then it did not happen with Christ. Corinthians need to understand what that means to their personal faith and their destiny as human beings.

Now: Commentators are all over the map in discussing this passage - rhetorical organization, physical and spiritual ideas of resurrection, Paul's personal relationship to the content, God's purpose in resurrection, etc (Thiselton, p. 1169-1181). The more one reads, the more important it is to return to Paul's succinct presentation. The logic in this verse is simple. If true, its implications lead to nothingness. Those who know the Christ immediately know its theoretical implausibility. Even the idea of Christ's not being resurrected trashes all that is known about God's original plan in the Garden to allow people a way of escape. ("He shall bruise thy head," Geneis 3:15).

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
The First Epistle to the Corinthians: a commentary on the Greek text by Anthony C. Thiselton (Authentic Media, c2000) online at http://books.google.com/books?id=IHG_DNLpmroC&dq=1st+Corinthian+commentaries&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=W9fQSpC1GILplAfHiumoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CB8Q6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:15

Yea, and we are found false witnesses of God; because we have testified of God that he raised up Christ: whom he raised not up, if so be that the dead rise not (KJV)

Then: Corinthians now hear a third point(Baker, p. 219). If Christ did not rise from the dead, then all those five hundred plus witnesses, the disciples, the apostles and Paul himself are liars. Even worse, they are swearing to God that what they said was true. How could that many people say the same thing and none state otherwise? How could so many risk their fate with the God of heaven? It couldn't be. They didn't lie. Christ rose.

Now: No one really takes time to say that the resurrection didn't happen. Usually atheists just deny the existence of God. They never get to the point of considering resurrection. But those who believe concentrate on the resurrection, because that event is the "word of the cross" (Thiselton quotes a discussion by Harrisville, p. 1171).

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
The First Epistle to the Corinthians: a commentary on the Greek text by Anthony C. Thiselton (Authentic Media, c2000) online at http://books.google.com/books?id=IHG_DNLpmroC&dq=1st+Corinthian+commentaries&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=W9fQSpC1GILplAfHiumoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CB8Q6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:14

And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain (KJV)

Then: Vain equals empty, useless, not worth anything. Baker (p. 217) marks the meaning as "without results." This is Paul's second point. If Christ's resurrection did not happen, then there is no reason for anyone to continue preaching about the Lord's life, his teachings, and his being. There is nothing for anyone to believe in. An absolutely dreary supposition. No joy, no life.

Now: For sure Christians know that Christ was raised from the dead, after sacrificing his life so that they would be saved from eternal judgement and condemnation. Through Christ they are forgiven. Without that, there is no purpose or reason for anyone to follow what at best would be a "good man." It would also be a denial of the Holy Spirit within them.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:13

But if there be no resurrection of the dead, then is Christ not risen (KJV)

Then: Paul finishes the thought with its opposing logic. If resurrection were impossible, then Christ did not rise .... and the Corinthians are not saved. Everyone still bears the burdens of sin. That presents a conundrum of major proportion - besides they already know they possess the gifts of the Spirit, the Comforter who came to each after the resurrection. So even though it might look like someone could deny resurrection, Christ's followers cannot. They know the Truth.

Now: Believers still reason the same way.

1 Corinthians 15:12

Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead? (KJV)

Then: Many had problems with the idea of a resurrection. Paul's first point is that since resurrection is clearly possible, Christ rose from the dead, then no one can say that it just can't happen. After all more than 500 witnesses saw and talked to him. It can happen because it did happen. Paul as a Pharisee no longer has to look for arcane or obscure defenses for his former belief. The evidence exists in the risen Lord (Harn, p. 219).

Now: Believers know the story of the death, burial and resurrection. From the time they first believe, they have an internal resolution that the Holy Spirit has confirmed their knowledge of the "I am." God is, and through his son, they have salvation. Therefore, a belief in resurrection is not an issue. Sometimes, for purposes of comparison, the metaphorsis of caterpillars to butterflies or seeds to plants is presented, but isn't really necessary for those who pray and speak daily with the God of heaven. The Lord who made it possible for physical creations to change form has no difficulty in changing physical bodies into spiritual ones. His power and authority transcend and encompass both worlds.

Extra Source: The Lectionary Commentary: Theological Exegesis for Sunday's Texts ed. by Roger E. Van Harn (Grand Rapids MI: Wm B. Eerdman's Pub. Co., 2005) http://books.google.com/books?id=afCD6cgnAN8C&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9&dq=1+corinthians+15+commentary&source=bl&ots=ZynkCVlguV&sig=XYIf7ZwUxR6y7P9zNz_YNUOnzhc&hl=en&ei=ljsES6acEdXVlAeendnuAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCYQ6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:11

Therefore whether it were I or they, so we preach, and so ye believed (KJV)

Then: This is the end of a review of what's known about appearances of the resurrected Christ. Paul summarizes that and adds it doesn't make any difference who is preaching. They all preach the resurrected Christ, and everyone hearing the letter now believes.

Now: Just like the Corinthians, we are warned Paul is moving on to a different point.

1 Corinthians 15:10

But by the grace of God I am what I am: and his grace which was bestowed upon me was not in vain; but I laboured more abundantly than they all: yet not I, but the grace of God which was with me (KJV)

Then: The Corinthians could see that Paul didn't worry about his past. It happened, but he had God's forgiveness. Should the past keep him from following Christ and doing what is right? No way! If anything Paul works harder and suffers more for it than any of the others. He is so grateful to the Lord who rescued him. As individuals and as a church, the Corinthians can learn much from Paul.

Now: We need to be just as bold in accepting Christ's love as Paul was. Former attitudes and mistakes occur - but God's love stays true. He forgives us and expects continued service. We need to comply - without hesitation.

1 Corinthians 15:9

For I am the least of the apostles, that am not meet to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God (KJV)


Then: Paul admits to the Corinthians what they already know. He did persecute the church, and yet this church exists because of Paul's conversion. Still, some had managed to turn away from him to extol the greatness of Peter and Apollos. In the face of a guy telling you, you're right my past is not great, the Corinthians needed to check back in their own past and remember that without Christ no one is righteous.

Now: The human condition can always overwhelm anyone, anytime. Touching the Lord, being grateful, and always remembering, keeps us from being in and/or causing great harm. Paul is an example, even today.

1 Corinthians 15:8

And last of all he was seen of me also, as of one born out of due time (KJV)

Then: Paul saw Christ after the ascension had occured. That's what he means by "out of due time." As far as the gospel record is concerned, everyone else saw him before the ascension. All the disciples and many of the other apostles had walked and talked with Jesus. Not him. But when Paul himself saw the risen Lord, that changed everything in his life. He was the last and he didn't feel worthy (Henry).

Now: We read of Paul's works and if we take the time, never expect to do the things Paul did. We depend on knowing our salvation through the Lord's presence in our lives, his power in directing and controlling it, and, at the point of need, the spiritual gifts he gives us. We take it as a fact that Paul was an apostle.

Extra Source: Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:7

After that, he was seen of James; then of all the apostles (KJV)

Then: It's difficult to tell if this is basically a chronological accounting or a comprehensive attempt. He already mentioned "the twelve," but the apostles include more than just those, i.e., Barnabus, Andronicus, Junia, James Matthias (Baker, p. 215). It is the only record of James seeing Christ singly. Baker also notes that this is the brother of the Lord because James, the disciple, would have been included with that group of people. Also, Jesus' brothers, all skeptical, would need a personal talk with him as risen.

Now: It is truly a mystery why some are able to hear (read) of Christ and believe while others need personal, historical experiences in order to know that Christ is the son of God, a risen Savior and one on whom we can depend. And once we believe, telling others who he is, adding our personal witness, and praying for others to know him is our joy. When the confirming power of the Holy Spirit moves into the lives of those we love dearly, joy spreads.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:6

After that, he was seen of above five hundred brethren at once; of whom the greater part remain unto this present, but some are fallen asleep (KJV)

Then: Not only the apostles, but more than five hundred others saw Christ. Paul doesn't say, but I wonder if it happened on the day of ascension into heaven. The Corinthians probably already knew the event to which he referred. I wonder also if one or two had travelled to the Corinthian church. The Corinthians needed assurances about the future because "some are fallen asleep" before Christ has returned. That has to be a concern for those who expect to be with Christ in heaven.

Now: We are used to waiting for the Lord's return - so much so that we live our lives as if it's not going to happen for us either. We love the Lord, but we don't have that eager sense of anticipation which comes for children before Christmas or in the days before a wedding. Taking time to think about the resurrection can go a long way to restoring our longing for the Lord's early return.

1 Corinthians 15:5

And that he was seen of Cephas, then of the twelve (KJV)

Then: The words are a reminder. The other apostles, major leaders of the church, witnessed the risen Lord. Two eyewitnesses were sufficient for a court of law (Magness class notes). These particular eyewitnesses had worked closely with Christ before his death. If anyone could recognize the Lord, they could.

Now: We hear Paul's words and trust his witness. No one would suffer and go through all Paul did, but for the truth. Paul talked with Peter (Cephas) who told him all. That would count as "hearsay," but for the fact of Paul's own encounter with Christ. He could compare his own knowledge with Peter's. We do the same thing. We compare our own contacts with Christ with Peter's and Paul's. They validate our knowledge and extend it

Barton and Osborne (p.221) compiled a complete listing of all appearances listed in the New Testament. You can compare that list to Paul's list to see what he is doing.

Extra Source: Bruce B. Barton (Wheaton IL: Tyndale House, c1999) online at http://books.google.com/books?id=H-f2mmq2uHEC&dq=Bruce+and+Corinthians&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=91EFS8fUEMPblAey6YyhDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CB4Q6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=&f=false

1 Corinthians 15:4

And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures (KJV)

Then: The New Testament was still being written so "according to the scriptures" means the Old Testament. After Paul saw Christ and he got his sight back, he went away for at least three years to study, learn, and understand the Old Testament teachings of Christ (Gal. 1:16-18). He also talked with others so the "creed" words of "buried, "rose again" and "third day" are not original with Paul (Baker, p. 213). He knew the Corinthians would understand them so he didn't need to explain.

Now: Christians still use these scriptural (New Testament) words to focus on the Christ, God's love and his plan for our salvation. Being buried has no meaning, but for the resurrection. The resurrection's credibilty and impact come from Christ's sacrifice in letting himself be crucified, then buried. They merge in the minds of believers to become one continuous event.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 5:3

For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures (KJV)

Then: Paul has a plan for talking about the resurrection. First talk about Christ's resurrection and his own knowledge about that. Second, talk about the resurrection of the dead, and third, the process of the dead being raised (Baker, p. 212). The Corinthians are eager to hear Paul tell the story again of Christ being alive. They'd heard it before, but Paul saw the risen Lord. Christ chose him, and evidenced by their spiritual gifts, Christ chose them. Believers take joy in hearing the story again and again.

Now: Sometimes we forget when we read the Bible, that we too are hearing words from one who actually saw Christ. The Bible is always taken seriously, but the "awe" can disappear with familiarity. Christ is our Lord. I talk to him everyday. He will return. Today? What am I doing to honor him? What Paul says is valuable information.

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.

1 Corinthians 15:2

By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain (KJV)

Then: What does Paul mean "believed in vain?" This is the last of nine times that Paul uses the word "save" in this letter (Baker, p. 210). Its present passive tense gives a present/future meaning to the word. Vain? Back up. Maybe their previous actions indicated lack of trust or unbelief in Christ, but no one ever wants that to be the case. Paul never accused them of not loving Christ, but the question lies here dormant. What's the way out? Hold the truths of the gospel in their minds. Especially rely on Christ's resurrection for that is the validation of all the Lord's teachings (Henry).

Now: Believers hold the salvation gospel in common. It starts with belief, salvation and baptism. It expects continued, everyday acts of faithful obedience. This becomes a type of future salvation, and if a person's not careful, it can jeopardize ultimate relationships with Christ (Baker, p. 212).

Extra Source: Cornerstone Biblical Commentary 1 Corinthians (William Baker), 2 Corinthians (Ralph Martin & Carl Toney), ed. by Philip Comfort. Carol Stream: Tyndale House Publishers, c2006.
Commentary on the Whole Bible Acts to Revelation Vol VI by Matthew Henry online at http://www.ccel.org/ccel/henry/mhc6.iCor.xvi.html

1 Corinthians 15:1

Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand (KJV)

Then: This final section had to have been the favorite part for the Corinthians. No longer chastising, Paul returns to teaching about Christ. First, as always, he talks about Jesus' crucified for their sins. Through Christ's sacrifice believers are able to stand before both God in heaven and day-by-day in serving the Savior.

Now: Believers today are just as interested in understanding what's ahead as were the Corinthians. Paul expected Christ's return soon. 2000 years later, we still expect Christ's return to be soon - God's time, not ours. So no one knows. Commentators refer to the topic with the word "eschatology," a study of ideas about the last days, resurrection of the dead, judgement and heaven or hell. They all get lumped together, but it starts with knowing who Christ is.

Overview: Forward to a final discussion (Resurrection)

Flash forward: What an out-of-this-world conversation lies ahead. Paul says the day will come when "We're out of here!" No way to really figure it out, but Paul wants the Corinthians to do it. Wow! Some people will understand. Most of us just have to trust. Since the Lord truly resurrected his son and people saw him - their witness, we know that the event is true. If true for Christ, and since God has ordained it, then it will also be true for his followers. The day will come when all will be raised from the dead or transformed immediately in order to stand beside and before the Living Lord.

[Sunday School kids used to hear a mmenomic. The Pharisees believed in life after death, but the Saducees didn't. That's why they were "Sad you see."]